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金融市場暗流湧動,還有哪些風險值得警惕?

Vantage 更新 Updated Thu, 2023 April 6 02:37
金融市場暗流湧動,還有哪些風險值得警惕?

前陣子矽谷銀行、簽名銀行、瑞信的爆雷,令市場對于銀行業的信心搖搖欲墜。它們的突然倒閉在一定程度上是由于利率水平上升時資産貶值所致。更高的利率將繼續給銀行的資産負債表帶來壓力,並給經濟的其他領域帶來問題。那麽除了銀行倒閉以外,還有哪些方面的風險值得我們警惕?

首先是存款外流。數據顯示,美國家庭在2020年和2021年積累了約2.3萬億美元的所謂超額儲蓄,導致新冠期間銀行存款大幅增加。鑒于難以在市場上獲得安全可觀的收益,企業也將現金存放在銀行。然而,越來越多的銀行存款超過了聯邦存款保險公司(FDIC)25萬美元的保險限額。截至2022年底,近8萬億美元的存款沒有投保,比2019年底增加了近41%。據美國南加州大學、西北大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學和美國全國經濟研究所聯合發表的論文,如果一半未投保的儲戶從銀行撤出資金,那麽近200家銀行將面臨倒閉的風險。

其次是抵押貸款的貶值。截至2022年底,美國的銀行將激增的存款投資于價值2.8萬億美元的抵押貸款支持證券(MBS),約占其證券化投資的53%,這推動了新冠疫情期間的房地産繁榮。但2023年2月份成屋銷售較上年同期下降22.6%,全美成屋價格中值同比下降0.2%,為11年來首次下降。截至2022年底,銀行持有的抵押貸款支持證券的未實現虧損為3680億美元。許多人擔心,利率上升將迫使其他地區性銀行也虧本出售這些資産,這可能會壓低價格。

2023年2月美國成屋銷售總數較去年同期大幅下降
疫情期間美國銀行的存款及抵押貸款投資激增

同樣可能受到影響的還有房地産市場。FDIC的數據顯示,上季度商業房地産債務證券的未實現虧損達到430億美元。截至2022年底,銀行持有4440億美元的此類證券。隨著員工遠程辦公、企業縮小辦公空間,房東正面臨壓力。據商業房地産服務和研究公司世邦魏理仕(CBRE EA)的數據,到2024年,辦公空間的空置率預計將繼續上升。

類似的情境也正在歐洲上演。由于融資成本上升和經濟放緩預期的雙重打擊,歐洲的地産股遭到抛售。根據美國銀行3月份對基金經理的調查,房地産是歐洲“最不受歡迎的”行業。調查發現,約45%的受訪者減持了地産股,這一比例是2月份的兩倍多。追蹤大約30只股票的斯托克600房地産指數在過去一年裏下跌了40%以上,市值蒸發了超過1000億歐元(約合1080億美元。從估值角度來看,歐洲地産股目前的交易水平接近全球金融危機期間的水平。

歐洲房地産股逼近2011年以來低點
歐洲地産股的估值已接近全球金融危機期間的水平

如果銀行業和房地産繼續存在爆雷的風險,那麽從中小型銀行和股市中撤離的大量資金,大概率一部分會進入當地政府的貨幣市場基金,另一部分將存入大型銀行。而隨著市場的恐慌情緒暗中發酵,即便美聯儲等央行繼續加息,黃金這類相對穩定,保值且兼具避險屬性的資産預計將繼續受到追捧,升破2075指日可待。

2023年04月06日 許曦揚

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