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美國地産業亦危矣,加息負能量繼續爆發

Vantage 更新 Updated Thu, 2023 May 11 02:57
美國地産業亦危矣,加息負能量繼續爆發

上回我們討論了美聯儲加息對于銀行業的沖擊。自3月份歐洲和美國銀行接連爆雷以來,市場的恐慌情緒就在此起彼伏地升溫。連續激進加息除了對銀行業造成負面影響,對于金融行業的其他領域也會産生不小的拖累,這其中就包括房地産行業。

根據美聯儲在5月8日周一發布的高級貸款官意見調查報告(SLOOS),一季度全美銀行收緊了對家庭和企業的貸款標准,信貸需求降至2009年以來的最低水平。關于企業貸款,受訪者表示,總的來說,第一季度對大型和中型市場企業以及小型企業的商業和工業(C&I)貸款標准收緊且需求疲軟。與此同時,銀行報告稱,所有商業房地産(CRE)貸款類別的標准更加嚴格,需求疲軟。

收緊商業房地産貸款標准的美國國內受訪者淨百分比增加

更可怕的是,隨著美聯儲繼續量化緊縮(QT),銀行業危機卷土重來,銀行信貸緊縮可能才剛剛開始。信貸供應的急劇收縮將推高企業和家庭的融資成本,可能導致經濟活動放緩。據高盛的報告顯示,美國目前有超過5.6萬億美元的未償商業/多戶家庭抵押貸款。在這一數額中,截至 2022 年底,其中有2.8萬億美元貸款來自銀行和儲蓄機構。而在這2.8萬億美元中,有6270億美元為業主商業地産抵押貸款,4680億美元為收購、開發和建設項目(包括單戶住宅開發)支持的貸款。減去以上兩類貸款,美國有4.5萬億美元的未償商業/多戶抵押貸款,其中40%來自銀行,約為1.7萬億美元。

今年3月初,黑石旗下價值5.62億美元的CMBS出現違約;不久前,美國房産巨頭Brookfield的基金被曝年內再度違約,拖欠了旗下12棟辦公大樓的合計1.614億美元抵押貸款。令人擔憂的是,這些貸款中有很大一部分將需要在未來幾年內進行再融資,這會在利率上升的環境下加劇借款人的困難。

疫情期間美聯儲放水,商業地産市場成為吸收過剩流動性的重要領域,美國商業地産價格快速上漲,形成價格“泡沫”。美聯儲加息周期開啓後信貸成本急速上升,疊加疫情後辦公習慣的改變,導致商業地産需求下降。據外媒統計,目前美國辦公樓整體的空置率為12.5%,

與金融危機後2010年的水平相當。由于科技和風險投資行業首當其沖受到矽谷銀行的倒閉的沖擊,最近的數據顯示,加州的商業房地産市場是“重災區”之一。大量辦公室閑置,房租大量減少,持有房産的公司收入銳減,付不起房貸,加劇了貸款違約的風險。甚至有人擔心會否出現和2008年一樣房地産市場崩盤的情況。作為一個對實體和金融業都牽涉甚廣的行業,如果商業地産危機真的發生,那麽可能對美聯儲後續的加息決定會産生重要的影響,美聯儲可能不得不提前暫停加息,緩解美國經濟走向衰退。

辦公室占用率仍低于疫情前的水平(平均每周辦公室占用率)

2023年05月11日 許曦揚

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