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矽谷銀行倒閉,加息的副作用再現?

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 March 17 02:33
矽谷銀行倒閉,加息的副作用再現?

最近市場被攪得天翻地覆,黃金連續暴漲,近一周以來上漲超過120美金。除了北溪管道爆炸,2月非農的影響外,更為深遠的影響來自于歐洲和美國的銀行接二連三地爆雷。多米諾骨牌的第一站是美國的矽谷銀行。

矽谷銀行截至2022年年底擁在美國排名第16,它的母公司矽谷金融集團(SVB Financial Group)還是一家上市公司,公司市值一度曾排銀行業前10名。該銀行不僅是矽谷當地最大的銀行之一,同時還在高科技初創企業投資領域非常活躍,很多高科技企業及私募股權投資(PE/VC)機構都是它的客戶。需要融資的企業從矽谷銀行獲得貸款甚至股權投資,完成融資或者上市之後的企業則把資金存入矽谷銀行。從其2022年末的貸款結構來看,PE/VC機構是其主要的客戶。

這樣一家銀行為何會突然破産?最根本的原因在于資産的期限錯配。所謂期限錯配,就是資産端期限與負債端期限不匹配,主要表現為“短存長貸”,即資金來源短期化、資金運用長期化。剛才我們也提到,矽谷銀行的資金以貸款形式投放給PE/VC企業、高科技企業,同時也從這些企業和員工處獲得存款。疫情期間美聯儲放水,美國的PE/VC市場也快速擴張,給矽谷銀行帶來大量低息存款,矽谷銀行的規模得以快速增長。其資産總額從2019年末的710億美元增長到2021年末的2115億美元,其中2020年同比增長63%,2021年同比增長83%。此為“短存”。

2019-2022年矽谷銀行資産增長情況

矽谷銀行在過去兩三年存款大幅增長的時候,用吸收進來的大部分資金,在資産端配置了大量長久期的持有至到期資産和可供出售資産。截止2022年底,矽谷銀行接近2200億美元的總資産中,投資的證券占比接近60%,遠超商業貸款和按揭貸款。投資的證券中,分別包括260億美元的按公允價值(AFS)計價的可供出售資産,和913億美元的以攤余成本計價的持有到期類資産(HTM)。從矽谷銀行持有至到期資産和可供出售資産的結構來看,主要是住房抵押證券相關産品,資産本身信用風險不大,但收益率很低,只有1.6%左右。這些資産久期很長,其中大約80%的金融資産剩余期限都在十年以上,久期長意味著未來的不確定增加,利率風險較大,也就出現了“長貸”的隱患。

2022年矽谷銀行持有至到期日資産具體構成及收益率情況

美聯儲激進加息之後,美國國債價格迅速下跌,矽谷銀行手裏的美國國債、外國政府債券及持有到期類資産等紛紛貶值,資産規模持續縮水。所以就直接導致了矽谷銀行進入賬面虧損。在美聯儲加息的背景下,如果矽谷銀行想穩住負債,就只能高息攬存,也就是較高的利息吸收存款,這會增加銀行的資金成本、負債和風險,導致息差收窄,擠壓收入和利潤空間。如果不高息攬存,則負債流失,也就是銀行資産負債表惡化,銀行被迫出售資産償還債務,同樣面臨損失。實際上,矽谷銀行同時面臨了這兩個問題:一是從存款利率來看,2022年有息存款付息率較2021年上升100bps至1.13%;二是從存款規模來看,2022年末存款余額較2021年末下降8.5%至1731億美元,其中無息存款更是減少36%至808億美元。

同時企業融資成本上升,矽谷各企業的財務狀況惡化。很多儲戶開始從矽谷銀行提取存款,造成銀行的流動性出現問題。原本為了應付儲戶取款,銀行只好將原本標記為持有到期的債券變更為可交易性質,從而不得不披露賬面出現的巨大損失。儲戶擔心禍及自身存款安全,紛紛加入提款者的行列,于是出現了銀行最可怕的噩夢——擠兌。為了應付擠兌,銀行被迫將更多的債券進行出售,于是賬面虧損變成了實際虧損,最終導致倒閉和被托管。

毫無疑問,矽谷銀行的倒閉引發了市場對于其他銀行和金融機構的信心動搖。在3月10日當天,美國多家大型銀行股票價格出現了大幅下跌,其中花旗集團、富國銀行、美國運通等跌幅超過5%。對于美國市場而言,矽谷銀行破産帶來的沖擊,可能仍將持續一段時間。美國有部分中小銀行也存在資金期限錯配的問題。當然,這些中小銀行最後會不會也被擠兌破産,很大程度上取決于聯邦存款保險公司對矽谷銀行儲戶們的處置方式。如果所有存款都被保護、剛性兌付,那將是皆大歡喜;如果只是部分存款剛兌,恐慌情緒可能仍將蔓延。此外,矽谷銀行的倒閉一方面暴露了美聯儲激進加息的弊端,也暴露了美國金融監管體系在應對流動性風險和信用風險方面的不足。金融市場的不安情緒預計在短期內難以消散。黃金,日元等具有避險屬性的資産大概率還將繼續受到追捧。

2023年03月17日 許曦揚

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