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減産宣言後油價仍低迷,下半年需求端是關鍵

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 June 16 03:09
減産宣言後油價仍低迷,下半年需求端是關鍵

近期的美元一直處于震蕩回落的格局中,原油作為非美的一員並未出現明顯反彈,反而一直在低位盤旋。6月5日,OPEC+部長會議結束,沙特7月額外自願減産100萬桶/日,其他成員國減産計劃延長到2024年底,阿聯酋明年配額獲得提升,部分非洲國家配額減少。本次沙特減産幅度為該國數年以來之最,令其産量降至900萬桶/日,為2021年6月以來的最低水平。受到減産消息的刺激,美原油當天開盤跳空上行,但隨後價格便江河日下。

減産消息對油價的提振效果出現邊際遞減,主要出于兩方面原因。一方面,OPEC在5月最新減産行動開局不錯,供應較4月減少500萬桶/日,但減産執行力度遠非完美。在達成協議和協議生效之間的時間間隔不到四周,許多國家已經向買家承諾了供應數量,因此未能將供應減少到協議商定的水平。前車之鑒讓市場對于OPEC減産的力度産生了懷疑。

國家減産量(萬桶/天)
沙特阿拉伯50
伊拉克21.1
阿聯酋14.4
科威特12.8
哈薩克斯坦7.8
阿爾及利亞4.8
阿曼4
加蓬0.8
總計115.7

2023年4月部分OPEC+國家宣布的減産量

另一方面,俄羅斯、伊朗等國家出口較高,加之美國原油産量創新高,進一步削弱了OPEC+減産效果。截止6月9日當周,美國原油日均産量1240萬桶,與前周日均産量持平,比去年同期日均産量增加40萬桶;截止6月9日的四周,美國原油日均産量1232.5萬桶,比去年同期高3.4%。

除了減産對油價的利多有限之外,拖累油價的最重要因素仍來自于需求的疲軟。國際能源署在本周三發布的《石油2023年中期市場報告》中表示,複蘇對石油需求增長的提振作用可能將在今年年底告一段落,經濟挑戰以及向轉型將從2024年起抑制石油需求增長。《石油2023年中期市場報告》預測,基于當前的政府政策和市場趨勢,全球石油需求將在2022年至2028年之間增長6%,達到每天1.057億桶,並得到了來自石化業和航空業強勁需求的支撐。預計年度需求增長將從今年的每日240萬桶減少到2028年的每日40萬桶,意味著石油需求達到了高峰。

從具體國家來看,亞洲的經濟和石油需求也將成為今年油價最重要的驅動因素,尤其是中國經濟複蘇,可能將在一定程度上提振油價。歐洲的情況則不容樂觀。由于持續的高通脹,歐洲最大的經濟體德國進入了衰退,2023年第一季度GDP萎縮0.3%,2022年第四季度萎縮0.5%。歐盟統計局上周公布的德國和愛爾蘭最新數據顯示,歐元區也陷入衰退,GDP在2022年第四季度收縮0.1%後,2023年第一季度收縮0.1%。無論是從加息和高通脹導致了歐洲及美國經濟出現縮水,還是加息本身令本國貨幣升值,導致持有原油的成本更加昂貴,這對油價回暖都是極為不利的影響。從波段周期看,下半年原油的震蕩下行恐怕還將延續。

2023年5月中國原油、成品油進口量分別同比增長6.2%及78.8%
數據來源:中國海關總署

2023年06月16日 許曦揚

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