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淺談套息交易

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 September 1 03:59
淺談套息交易

上回我們聊到,澳元屬于高息貨幣。所謂的高息貨幣是指某一國家貨幣的存款利率高于另一國的貨幣存款利率,一般情況下,一國的貨幣利率高于5%,那麽可視為高息貨幣,如澳元、新西蘭元、英鎊是外匯市場公認的高息貨幣。

既然有高息貨幣,自然就存在低息貨幣。低息貨幣就是該貨幣所屬國家存款利息或存款利率相對比較低的貨幣,日元就是典型的低息貨幣。從上個世紀90年代日本房地産市場泡沫破裂後,日本央行為刺激經濟不斷並長期保持低利率,日元也因此成了低息貨幣,也是全球融資成本最低的貨幣。

也正因為高息貨幣和低息貨幣的存在,套息交易應運而生。它是一種通過買入高息貨幣賣出低息貨幣的方式,將貨幣存入利息較高的銀行進而賺取兩種貨幣之間的利息差來進行獲利的。套息交易以把低息貨幣換取成高息貨幣為剛開始,以把高息貨幣存進本國金融機構金融企業為全過程和方式,以把高息貨幣再次換取成低息貨幣為完畢。它是全球宏觀對沖基金和投資銀行十分喜愛的交易策略之一,在20世紀九十年代的時候十分盛行,現在也是流行的基本面交易策略之一。

還是以日本為例,在上世紀90年代,日本決定長期執行接近零利率的貨幣政策,這導致了在日本把錢存入銀行可以近似的看成得不到利息,而那時美國的存款利率極高,甚至出現超過8%的年利率,這時,在家裏掌握著財政大權的日本女人便發現,可以先把日元兌換成美元,把美元存進銀行獲得美元的利息,需要用錢的時候再把美元兌換成日元,當日元與美元的匯率保持穩定的情況下,日元也能夠獲得高利息回報了。越來越多日本人發現這種方法,于是在外匯市場上有一個專門形容這類人群的稱號——渡邊太太。而有一些渡邊太太不滿足只用自己的存款進行交易,便打算以極低利率借入日元,再把借入的日元換成美元存入銀行獲取收益,這樣便能獲得更高的收益了。

日本央行多年以來的負利率政策,令日元成為套息交易的最佳標的之一

恰逢當時日元還在不斷貶值,渡邊太太們發現這樣兌換回來,即使不計利息,也能獲得一筆不錯的收益,例如一開始先用100日元兌換美元,此時的匯率為100日元兌1美元,之後日元貶值,匯率變為125日元兌1美元,將美元換回日元,從結果來說,100日元就變成了125日元。渡邊太太的這種行為,便是套息交易。

上個世紀90年代以來,美聯儲實行較高的存款利率

當然,和其他投資方式一樣,套息交易並不能完全規避風險。2007年,一場金融危機席卷全球,美國、澳大利亞等原來高利率國家紛紛降低利率,而日本因為金融系統穩定,日元被當作避險貨幣,日元不斷增值,原本利用套息交易的渡邊太太紛紛中招,使用杠杆的渡邊太太們更是直接爆倉,血本無歸。因此套息交易也需要審時度勢,根據各國央行的政策調整交易策略。

2023年09月01日 許曦揚

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