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歐元區通脹亦高企,2%的目標遙不可及

Vantage 更新 Updated Thu, 2023 March 2 02:29
歐元區通脹亦高企,2%的目標遙不可及

上回咱們聊了聊美聯儲最為關心的通脹指標——核心PCE年率。通貨膨脹率的高低,在很大程度上將決定各家央行的政策方向。歐央行也不例外,它也有自己看重的通脹指標:核心通脹年率。

跟美國的核心PCE一樣,歐元區的核心通脹率也剔除了食品、能源、煙酒等波動性較大的項目。2月23日公布的數據顯示,歐元區1月扣除食品能源煙酒的調和CPI年率終值達到5.3%,高于5.2%的初值,距離歐洲央行2%的目標仍有很大的差距。涵蓋食品和電力在內的整體通脹率也上修了0.1個百分點,至8.6%。

歐元區1月核心通脹年率仍處于高位

除了烏克蘭危機造成能源成本上升之外,原材料和零部件等供應鏈瓶頸問題,也導致歐元區通脹率一直居高不下,持續增加居民生活成本。加上美聯儲激進加息,加息外溢效應持續增加,令歐元貶值,也使得歐洲通脹相比美國更加嚴重。

在歐元區內部,各國的通脹水平差異度也非常高。法國2月通脹率為6.2%,德國為8.2%,意大利1月通脹年率甚至達到10%。包括愛沙尼亞以及拉脫維亞在內較為溫和經濟體的通脹水平甚至達到22.8%和21.5%。這種差異主要是由能源結構造成的。法國相對較低的通脹水平不僅源于法國擁有世界最高水平的核電比重,而且還有利用新能源的能力。而那些冒險選擇放棄核電、或者高度依賴化石燃料的國家正在經歷能源成本高企,從而導致通脹大幅上升。

法國通脹率在歐元區相對溫和

說到通脹目標,還有個小插曲。幾乎現在大部分發達經濟體都會將目標設定在2%。第一個將通脹目標設定在2%的經濟發達國家是新西蘭——新西蘭議會在1989年決議通過該國央行設定的2%通脹目標。有趣的是,當時很多議員急著回家過聖誕假期,財政部長“隨口說出了通脹目標”,結果是沒有一位議員表示反對。就這樣輕松地通過了。之後,新西蘭財政部長,央行行長都以此為“獨立的貨幣執行政策”,並在全球推廣,逐步成為美國、英國、日本、歐盟等大多數富裕國家、地區的共同標准。一般來說,通脹率超過3%,就有通貨膨脹的苗頭了,因此物價上漲目標通常會控制在2%到3%之間。但話說回來,2%的目標的最初提出,已經是在30多年前,目前全球的經濟發展和通貨膨脹形成機制已經發生了翻天覆地的變化。繼續守著2%的目標是否合理,也是一項值得深思的問題。

2023年03月02日 許曦揚

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