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日央行繼續按兵不動,YCC調整會否再現?

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 June 23 03:23
日央行繼續按兵不動,YCC調整會否再現?

上周三大央行決議落地,除了歐洲央行加息25個基點外,美聯儲和日央行都選擇按兵不動。尤其是日央行,可以說是所有主流央行當中的“一股清流”了,不僅繼續維持超級量化寬松政策不變,並且維持10年期國債收益率目標區間在±50個基點。除了負利率政策以外,日本央行另一項殺手锏就是收益率曲線控制(YCC)政策工具。

YYC全稱為Yield Curve Control,其可以被看作是日本 “加強版QE”。自2016年以來,為應對長期通縮,日本央行出台YCC,至今該政策已實施6年。通俗來說,YCC可以被理解為日本央行通過買賣本國國債等各種操作來控制國債收益率的上下限,將日本10年期國債收益率的水平壓得很低,為市場提供大量流動性,最終影響公司債券收益率、貸款利率以及其他融資利率,使得利率水平能夠長期維持在零附近,從而刺激經濟,引導需求。

一方面,YCC在控制與拉低長端利率(主要是10年期國債利率)的同時,可以帶動債券短期利率的走低,從而降低QE或QQE也就是央行購債的成本;另一方面,控制住了國債利率的YCC排除了貨幣基准利率所可能面臨的倒灌風險,進而極大地減輕零利率或負利率向上修正的壓力。不難看出,YCC實際充當著日本央行寬松貨幣政策的“定海神針”。

自2016年起,日本央行共對YCC進行了3次調整。2018年7月收益率波動幅度擴大至-0.2%~0.2%之間,2021年3月擴大至-0.25%~0.25%之間,2022年12月再次擴大至-0.5%~0.5%。就最近的那次調整而言,主要原因是為了緩解通脹、釋放貶值壓力、增加日本債券市場流動性。2022年日本11月核心CPI同比更是上升至3.7%,為40年以來最高水平,11月PPI同比增速9.32%,仍處于2008年以來的較高位。一方面俄烏沖突導致國際能源價格高企,而日本對進口化石燃料依賴程度較大,因此其進口能源價格拉動國內通脹。另一方面,由于日元貶值,導致進口商品賬面價格被擡高,導致輸入式通脹。因此,本次調整有助于穩定日元匯率,進而緩解日本輸入式通脹。

日本CPI于2022年底到達高峰,面臨輸入式通脹風險

此外,日本目前是全球最大的債權國,大規模量化寬松帶來的充沛資金被用于投資國外的股市債市。另外,YCC政策的實施可能是為了減少資本外流。隨著全球通脹中樞擡升和各經濟體加息收緊貨幣政策,日本資産收益率明顯偏低,日本央行面臨不斷嚴峻的資本外流壓力,本次調整有利于資本回流日本。

目前日央行行長的交接棒已在植田和男手中。此前市場一直預期植田可能會調整YCC政策。日央行對YCC政策調整有以下三種可能:一是進一步擴大YCC的波動區間;二是直接退出YCC以及負利率;三是不再錨定10年期國債利率,選擇錨定與市場實際投資利率相關性同樣緊密的3-5年期國債利率。

如果直接退出YCC,將引發日債收益率的上漲,降低持有海外資産的相對吸引力,加劇海外投資回流日本,中長期將帶來全球流動性收緊的風險;同時,日本作為美國國債的主要海外持有人,日本減少美債投資在美國加息縮表的背景下,將加大美債利率的上行壓力,加重全球緊縮的同時也加大了美國經濟陷入衰退的風險。其次,日債利率走高支撐日元升值,對美元指數形成壓力,美元兌日元將面臨下行的風險。

2022年12月20日,日央行突然擴大國債收益率波幅,日本10年期國債收益率大幅走高

如果只是調整YCC,也勢必會增加日本財政的成本。收益率的上升意味著作為債務人的日本政府須向債權人支付更高的利息。如果未來日本經濟增長不樂觀,財政收支逆差持續擴大,那麽只能會進一步強化發新債還舊債的路徑依賴,國債總量繼續增加的情況下,利息支付成本也會隨之加大,日本公共財政的壓力將與日俱增。

按照植田和男的最新發言,金融政策必須基于經濟景氣和物價現狀以及前景來運行,目前有必要繼續實施寬松貨幣政策,因此短期內日本央行預計不會對YCC動手,只有在經濟增長與通貨膨脹雙雙達到2%以上且至少維持兩個季度以上,同時美聯儲緊縮性貨幣政策擾動力度減弱以及日本貶值壓力獲得充分釋放的情景下,才是調整YCC的理想時間窗口。

2023年06月23日 許曦揚

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