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加息預期怎麽看,除了點陣圖還有它!

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 July 21 03:42
加息預期怎麽看,除了點陣圖還有它!

下周四,也就是北京時間7月27日淩晨,美聯儲將公布最新的利率決議。此次市場仍預期美聯儲將加息25個基點,而最終實際的加息幅度與預期的差距,將在很大程度上決定匯市的下一步走向。除了點陣圖會顯示未來加息次數的預期外,另一項指標也會暗示美聯儲未來加息或降息的概率,那就是聯邦基金利率期貨。

那麽美國聯邦基金利率期貨是如何反映對于美聯儲貨幣政策的預期的呢?首先,它是芝加哥商業交易所的一款利率期貨合約,一般以500萬美元的聯邦基金為標的,期限為30天,反映了市場對美國聯邦基金利率的期望。在美國,聯邦基金利率(Federal Funds Rate)就是存款機構之間在無抵押拆借存款准備金余額時的利率。由于美聯儲要求存款機構上繳存款的一定比例作為准備金,那些資金短缺的存款機構會向擁有較多超額准備金的存款機構借入資金,雙方議價之後確定一個利率,這些利率的平均值就是聯邦基金利率。

參考利率 每日生效的隔夜聯邦基金利率
來源 紐約聯邦儲備銀行
合約標的 500萬美元名義本金1個月的利息,其利率相當于交割月日均參考利率
交易時間 周日-周五,下午5:00-下午4:00
報價方式100減去交割月日均參考利率
最小變動價位最近交割月份:1個基點的1/4(10.4175美元);
所有其他交割月份:一個基點的1/2(20.835美元)
上市合約最近的36個月
交割方式現金結算,按交割月的日均參考的最終市值計算,取整至1個基點最近的1/10。最終結算于最後交易日之後的第一個交易日。

美國聯邦基金利率期貨合約細則

聯邦基金利率是美國的基准利率,是美聯儲制定貨幣政策的主要指標。美聯儲的聯邦公開市場委員會(FOMC)每年一般召開8次會議,討論聯邦基金利率的目標,這個目標的高低變化就是市場關注的美聯儲加息和降息的動向。紐約聯邦儲備銀行設有公開市場交易室,負責執行美聯儲的公開市場操作。每個交易日,它會將由主要的聯邦基金經紀人主動上報的隔夜聯邦基金利率進行加權平均,從而計算出聯邦基金有效利率(FFER)。從2008年12月16日設立聯邦基金利率目標區間以來,聯邦基金有效利率幾乎都落在目標區間之中。

再回到最開始的問題,聯邦基金利率期貨價格反映了期貨合約當月聯邦基金有效利率的平均值。具體地講,芝加哥交易所集團會提前36個月逐月推出一份聯邦基金利率期貨,每份合約顯示的那個月的期貨報價,即100減去市場預期的當月每日聯邦基金有效利率的算術平均值,例如2019年8月份的合約收報97.885,就說明市場預期下個月聯邦基金有效利率的平均值為2.115%。當這份合約到期時,交易所會要求投資者按照紐約聯邦儲備銀行公布的8月份每日隔夜聯邦基金利率的平均值進行交割,如果那時候的利率水平符合當前的預期,則利率水平低于當前美聯儲制定的2.25%-2.50%的目標區間,那麽就可以大致推出美聯儲會在下一次會議上降息。

當然,關于美聯儲加息的具體概率還涉及更複雜的數學計算。目前美聯儲7月維持利率在5.00%-5.25%不變的概率為0.8%,加息25個基點至5.25%-5.50%區間的概率為99.2%;到9月維持利率不變的概率為0.7%,累計加息25個基點的概率為86.4%,累計加息50個基點的概率為12.9%。也就是7月加息仍是大概率事件,但9月再度加息的概率較低。究竟是鷹是鴿,還需靜待下次決議的真相大白。

2023年07月21日 許曦揚

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