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“假加息”暫停,銀行“真加息”或來臨

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 May 5 02:54
“假加息”暫停,銀行“真加息”或來臨

周四淩晨,美聯儲繼續以市場所預期的幅度將加息落地。決議前夕,美國西太平洋合衆銀行(PacWest Bancorp.)在周三美股盤後股價腰斬,一度跌近60%。市場消息稱,該行一直在考慮各種戰略選擇,包括出售該行,但幾乎無人問津,這可能意味著該行很可能成為下一個倒閉的銀行,對銀行業危機的擔憂正卷土重來。同時,當地時間5月1日,美國加利福尼亞州金融保護和創新局宣布關閉資金鏈斷裂的第一共和銀行,由銀行業監管機構聯邦儲蓄保險公司接管。最後,摩根大通銀行收購了第一共和銀行全部儲蓄存款和剩余資産。

到目前為止,2023年美國已有3家大銀行破産,總資産達5485億美元。即使算上2009年破産銀行1709億美元的資産,2023年的情況仍比2008-2009年危機期間還要糟糕。另外值得注意的是,2022年最後三個月,美國銀行存款以1981年以來最快的年率下降,上個季度的降幅也大致相同。這說明儲戶開始意識到銀行産品之外的高收益替代品。監管數據顯示,美國平均儲蓄收益率僅為0.39%左右,而聯邦基金利率接近5%。

2023年美國倒閉銀行資産規模已超過2008年

直到兩個月前,存款貝塔系數(衡量存款利率對市場利率變化的敏感程度)比此前的利率周期還要低,約為0.2。歷史上,加息期間的平均存款貝塔系數約為0.4。這就是為什麽加息對銀行來說並不完全是壞消息。即使在長期資産下滑的情況下,它們也能産生巨額利潤,這要歸功于粘性和廉價的存款。但當存款貝塔系數開始上升,如果沒有保險的儲戶感到恐慌並取出現金時,確保銀行盈利的“護城河”就會迅速被侵蝕。

那麽當存款流出銀行後,資金一般會流向何處?首先,美國儲戶將低收益存款從銀行取出,並將其投入到貨幣基金等相對較高收益的産品中,非銀行金融機構再將這部分資金投入到美聯儲逆回購工具中以獲取超額收益,從而出現了存款“出逃”的局面。所謂的逆回購就是美聯儲用手裏的證券資産換取交易對手方現金的一種模式,從而減少貨幣流動性。

據統計,美國貨幣市場基金成為了歐美銀行業危機下的贏家。根據美國投資公司協會(ICI)數據,從3月8日到3月29日的三周內,美國的貨幣市場基金共增加了超過3,043.3億美元的資金流入,而另一邊美聯儲的數據顯示,同時期的美國商業銀行存款規模減少了約4,111.6億美元。因此,流出的存款很大概率流入了貨幣市場基金,而這些資金中的很大一部分或流入了較高收益、較低風險的美聯儲逆回購工具。

總而言之,美國的存款雖然均錄得了大幅度的流出,但並沒有憑空消失,只是因為了資金趨利的天性,去往了金融體系中看似更加安全且收益更高的其他産品。當然,存款規模減少還有短期投資者對銀行信心下降的因素,這一部分資金的流出也體現了資金的避險屬性。銀行業危機的爆發,令決策者們意識到,在制定貨幣政策時,不能僅考慮控制通脹這個單一事件,而是需要將金融穩定視為另一個關鍵因素,貨幣政策的確定性隨之上升,本輪加息的框架開始逐步穩定。

從銀行的角度來看,面臨著存款流失的壓力,商業銀行需要提高利率以吸收儲戶的存款,這意味著加息的效果開始逐步顯現。即使美聯儲在第二季度結束本輪加息,如果在短期內不采取降息,整體銀行的負債成本上行也會持續,也就是利息成本將會上升,並可能到2024年初甚至年中才會達到高點。換言之,美聯儲此前的快速加息對于銀行來說可能是“假加息”,而未來美聯儲停止加息,銀行卻可能面臨著“真加息”。

以JP摩根為代表的美國商業銀行負債成本將大幅上升

2023年05月05日 許曦揚

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