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澳美破9個月新低,淺談澳元兩大屬性

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 August 18 03:56
澳美破9個月新低,淺談澳元兩大屬性

8月1日,澳洲聯儲宣布維持當前的利率水平不變。澳元兌美元應聲大跌超過百點。本周三,新西蘭聯儲同樣選擇按兵不動,紐元兌美元跌破9個月以來新低。澳元與紐元並稱為高息貨幣,又同為商品貨幣,它們的走勢大部分時候都息息相關,那麽它們的商品和高息屬性從何而來?

以澳元為例,首先,澳元的商品屬性來自于澳洲典型的外向型經濟特點。澳大利亞的農牧業都很發達。礦産資源、石油和天然氣豐富。澳大利亞是世界上最大的鋁土、氧化鋁、鑽石、鉛、钽生産國和世界上最大的煙煤、鋁土、鉛、鑽石、鋅及精礦出口國,第二大氧化鋁、鐵礦石、鈾礦出口國,第三大鋁和黃金出口國。澳洲原油儲量2400億公升,天然氣儲量13600億立方米,液化石油氣儲量1740億公升。澳洲盛産羊、牛、小麥和蔗糖,被稱為“坐在礦車上的國家”和“手持麥穗的國家”。因此,大宗商品的價格走勢與澳元走勢密切相關,尤其是銅、鋁、鋅以及鐵礦石和澳元的關系最為密切,澳元“商品貨幣”的稱號也隨之而來。

COMEX銅價與澳元兌美元走勢呈高度正相關

其次,澳元的高息來自于澳聯儲高利率政策的影響。簡單來說,高息貨幣就是存款利息或存款利率較高的貨幣。一般貨幣利率如果高于5%,就被視為高息貨幣。澳元以前就是典型的高息貨幣,這主要是因為,在過去相當長的一段時間內,澳洲的利率水平都是在5%以上的。直到2014年歐洲央行率先開啓負利率之後,全球央行均進入利率不斷下行的寬松政策周期,澳洲的利率水平才逐步下降。

雖然通常情況下高利率政策會對國家經濟發展産生抑制作用,但正如我們剛所說,澳大利亞是一個出口導向型的資源類國家,以出口初級資源類産品為主,産品的供求關系和價格浮動對澳元的影響是很大的,因此,澳大利亞很有必要保持本國貨幣幣值的穩定和堅挺,這是澳大利亞此前一直堅持高利率政策的主要原因。

澳聯儲利率自2011年開始逐步下降,直到2022年5月開始加息

由此可見,澳元的走勢除了和澳聯儲的貨幣政策息息相關外,和全球經濟的前景也有密不可分的關系。其中中國是澳洲最大的貿易夥伴之一,澳洲對中國出口曾占澳總出口的28%。如果全球經濟下滑,尤其是中國經濟不景氣,澳洲的大宗商品出口也會隨之不振,澳元的走勢不可避免將受到打擊。今年隨著疫情封鎖政策取消,亞洲經濟重振,第一季度中國對澳大利亞進口2686億元人民幣,同比大增20%,一舉扭轉了去年同期澳大利亞對華出口下滑的態勢。但隨著貿易夥伴的多元化,澳洲的出口經濟依然受到了不利影響。澳洲也繼續從礦業依賴性向旅遊業、教育業等行業轉型。

2023年08月18日 許曦揚

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