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美國信用評級再下調,對市場影響幾何?

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 August 4 03:47
美國信用評級再下調,對市場影響幾何?

8月1日,國際評級機構惠譽將美國長期外幣發行人違約評級從AAA下調至AA+。惠譽在一份聲明中指出,下調美國信用評級主要由于美國政府債務負擔居高不下且不斷加重,未來3年財政狀況預計將持續惡化。過去20年中,美國反複出現債務上限政治僵局,常常拖到最後一刻才有解決方案,削弱了人們對美國財政管理能力的信心。

美国财年
2017-2022年美國財年收支及赤字概況

無獨有偶,2011年標普也曾下調美國主權信用評級。2011年8月1日白宮臨到債務上限“X日期”最後關頭簽署了提高債務上限的法案,4天後,2011年8月5日,標准普爾將美國長期主權信用評級從AAA下調至AA+,長期前景評為負面。評級下調對美元、美債美股都産生了明顯的負面沖擊。8月5日當日,美元下跌0.70%,標普500下跌0.06%,10Y美債收益率上行16BP,2Y美債收益率上行3BP;評級調降後1個月,美元累計上漲0.69%,標普500累跌2.12%,10Y和2Y美債收益率分別下行56BP、9BP。

此次惠譽下調美國評級的背景和2011年的非常相似。惠譽早在今年五月份就曾警告稱,它正在考慮降低美國的信用評級,當時民主黨和共和黨議員在提高債務上限問題上存在分歧,財政部距離現金耗盡只有幾周的時間。盡管這場危機最終得以避免,但惠譽表示,反複發生的債務上限沖突和最後時刻的解決方案削弱了人們對國家財政管理的信心。

周二的聲明還將評級下調歸因于美國迅速膨脹的債務負擔,預計到2025年債務負擔將達到GDP的118%,比“AAA”評級國家的中位數39.3%高出2.5倍以上。報告稱,該評級公司預計,從長遠來看,債務與GDP的比率將進一步上升,從而增加美國面對未來經濟沖擊的脆弱性。

美国财政收支状况
2023財年前7個月美國財政收支狀況(注:2023財年前7個月是從2022年10月份到2023年的4月份)

評級遭到下調後,美元于8月2日亞盤跳空低開,但隨後因數據影響完全收複跌幅。美國三大股指則一路跳空下行,反映市場對于美股的信心開始動搖。除此之外,LME銅、LME鋁、鋅、鎳、鉛、錫3個月期電子盤全面下跌,跌幅分別為2.26%、1.49%、0.78%、0.31%、1.32%、3.43%。工業品價格的下跌主要來自于市場對于美國制造業財政支出的擔憂。惠譽談及評級下調原因時指出:預計美國政府赤字將上升,原因包括聯邦收入周期性減少,新的支出計劃,以及更高的利息負擔。美國在高利率時期大量發債、擴大財政支出和2022年8月簽署《芯片和科技法案》、《通脹削減法案》有關,這些法案倡導財政擴張以支持美國本土制造業發展。此次評級下調,短期內將影響制造業投資和回流的前景,進而影響工業品需求前景。

美国三大股指
美國信用評級遭下調後,美國三大股指跳空下行

除了對于大宗商品和美元、美股及美債的影響外,短期內美國政府可能不得不控制財政成本的上升。無論約束財政赤字還是降低利息率都指向10年期美債收益率中樞“終將”下行。換而言之,美聯儲9月不再加息的概率上升。2011年8月下調評級後,美聯儲鴿派立場強化,10年期美債收益率下行。換言之,未來美國要麽降低財政赤字,要麽需要通過降息等方式控制支出成本。同時,惠譽下調美國評級可能會對美國的借貸成本産生影響,因為借款人可能會認為美國的信用風險增加,從而要求更高的利率。

2023年08月04日 許曦揚

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