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就業和失業率背離,美國就業市場現狀如何?

Vantage 更新 Updated Thu, 2023 June 8 03:07
就業和失業率背離,美國就業市場現狀如何?

5月非農于上周五落下了帷幕,最終就業新增人數為33.9萬,大幅高于預期值19萬,但失業率意外升至3.7%,也高于預期值3.5%,勞動參與率與預期及前值持平,均為62.6%。在5月勞動參與率幾乎不變的前提下,失業率回升本應該對應就業人數下降。那麽為何新增就業人數和失業率出現了背離?

其中的主要原因來自于兩者統計口徑的不同。計算失業率的口徑為CPS(Current Population Survey),一般統計勞動力的人口特征,包括就業狀況、種族、年齡、學曆等,勞動參與率也是通過CPS口徑計算出來的。而計算新增非農就業的口徑為CES(Current Employment Statistics),一般統計雇傭信息,包括行業、工時、薪資等,抽樣誤差比CPS小得多,因此作為非農就業人數的官方發布。

就上周的數據而言,5月的CPS和CES口徑統計的新增非農就業人數差距達56.2萬人,為22年8月以來最大,CPS口徑新增就業人數下降對失業率形成了向上的拉力,因而出現了新增人數和失業率同時較高的情況。這也側面印證了新增就業依然強勁。

對比家庭調查(CPS企業工資調查(CES
範圍16歲及以上的非機構人口非農業工資和帶薪工作
數據來源每月對約60000個符合條件的家庭進行抽樣調查每月對約122000家企業和政府機構進行抽樣調查,用以代表666000個個人工作場所
主要調查産出勞動力、就業、失業率和相關人口統計數據各個行業和地區的就業、工時和收入信息
基准期通常是包括每月12日的日曆周(7天)包括當月12日的雇主支付期(可以是每周、雙周、每月或其他)
“就業”的定義有多個工作的人員只計算一次;包括無薪休假的員工。有多個工作的人員按照非農業的工作數進行統計;僅包括在參考工資期間內領取工資的人員。
就業統計包含項和排除項包括個體經營者、家庭企業中的無薪家庭工人、農業及相關産業工人、私人家庭工人和無薪休假工人,不包括在整個參考周內休假的工人,即使他們在休假期間領取工資(他們被視為臨時解雇性質的失業)不包括左側列出的所有項目,農業及相關行業的伐木工作除外,包括在休假期間領取過工資的休假工人。
在90%置信水平下,當月就業變動的大致規模±600,000±130,000
對調查結果基准的調整沒有直接的就業基准,每年使用兩次人口普查之間的人口估計對基本人口基數進行調整,每10年使用十年一次的人口普查進行調查。每年重新修正就業人數基准,主要通過失業保險(UI)稅收記錄得出

來源:BLS(美國勞工統計局)官網

薪資增速同樣值得我們關注。美國5月平均小時工資同比增長4.3%,低于預期值和前值4.4%;環比增長0.3%,與預期值持平,低于前值0.4%。這表明勞動力供需錯配造成的價格上漲壓力邊際緩和,也就是職位空缺數新增對于工資成本的影響正在逐步降低。職位空缺和勞動力流動調查顯示,美國4月份的職位空缺數量上升至1010萬人,每個失業工人對應1.8個職位空缺,該比例上升到三個月來最高。同期,工人辭職率也有所下降,每100名工人中有2.5人辭職,接近疫情前2.2人的平均水平。在職位空缺方面,盡管出現了一次性飙升,但三個月的平均值表明該指標明顯呈下降趨勢。

此外,舊金山聯儲上周二的最新研究表明,勞動力成本增長對通脹的影響“很小”,無論是整體通脹還是除住房以外的服務通脹,近期就業成本指數的上升大約只占了核心PCE通脹3%漲幅中的約0.1個百分點。因此盡管工資增速仍處于明顯的高平台,且大概率不會在短期內消除,但勞動力市場對于通脹的影響力實屬偏小。

這也解釋了為何上周三美國4月職位空缺數高于預期,但美元僅僅跳漲了一會之後,又再度跌落神壇,市場基本上已經擺脫了對強勁職位空缺數據的下意識反應。而強勁新增就業數據背後,一方面市場對于美國的經濟依然抱有一定信心,另一方面,就業市場開始有所降溫,對于美聯儲加息步調的放慢或許也會起到一定的作用。2023年已然過半,美聯儲6月會否暫停加息,目前仍存在很大的不確定性。在決議到來前,市場的主旋律恐怕還是震蕩。

2023年06月08日 許曦揚

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