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美債不再是香饽饽?大量抛售的原因在何?

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 May 19 03:01
美債不再是香饽饽?大量抛售的原因在何?

本周美國政府的債務上限談判仍在如火如荼地進行,盡管仍未最終達成協議,不過或許是為了穩定軍心,白宮及共和黨領袖麥卡錫對談判前景均持樂觀態度。另一方面,在美國之外,其他國家對于美債的態度正在發生180度大轉變。根據美國資本流動報告,很多國家都在不斷的抛出手上的美國國債,例如1月中國持有美國國債8594億美元,持倉環比去年12月減少77億美元,為連續六個月減持美債,創下2009年5月以來最低點,中國的美債持倉規模也自去年5月起連續九個月低于1萬億美元。

除了中國,還有多國也在減持美債,例如比利時、盧森堡在今年1月抛售美債。而從去年全年來看,全球持有美債規模排名前兩位的日本與中國,分別在2022年減持2245億美元及1732億美元的美債,法國、沙特、以色列等多國自去年以來也抛售了大量美國國債。為何曾經的香饽饽變成了急于出手的燙手山芋?

2023年1月開始,各國紛紛抛售美債

大量抛售美債的主要原因還是各國基于流動性、安全性和盈利性等多重因素綜合考慮下的結果。一方面受美聯儲持續加息影響,美債收益率快速攀升,導致美債價格大幅回落,投資美債將出現較大賬面虧損,這也是此前誘發矽谷銀行等機構倒閉的主因。不僅對于金融機構如此,對于一國儲備資産的投資同樣如此,因此適當減持美債可以降低投資虧損。從流動性角度看,目前美聯儲處于縮表進程中,各國政府也在紛紛減持美債。從經濟層面來看,美國經濟處于衰退期,已無實質性提振政策可用,美債長期趨勢偏弱,減持美債也是各國綜合考量的結果。

盡管官方外資開始淨減持美債,但對于私人外資而言,2022年曾出現大幅淨增持美債。2022年前11個月,私人投資者累計淨增持美國證券資産16370億美元,同比增加26%。對私人投資者而言,在全球金融動蕩加劇、市場主體風險偏好下降的情況下,美債仍屬于安全資産。而對于對官方投資者而言,一方面要抛售外匯儲備,穩定本國貨幣兌美元的匯率,另一方面要加速儲備資産多元化,規避市場和主權風險。在美國國債之外,有其他種類的債券也在受到市場的青睐,比如機構債。中國曾在今年的三四月份購入了1218億美元的美國機構債。

私人海外投資者閱讀在美國際資本流動狀況

機構債和國債之間也有著顯著的差別,美國國債是為了國家發展而對外發行的一類債券,是宏觀方面的債券,而這些機構債則是為了某一行業的發展而對外發行的債券,相比而言是微觀的。此次中方購買的機構債則是房地産行業的債券,這也是美國出于避免房産泡沫破裂而發行的一類債券,其目的是為了解決住房貸款問題。而這批債券的收益率相當可觀,才能吸引中國官方入手。

從整體上看,美債目前並不缺少外國投資者,但從更長的時間周期看,美國經濟減速和貿易赤字縮小可能導致資本回流美國放慢,而美聯儲激進加息接近尾聲,美債估值修複也可能推升外資持有美債余額。相對于以前而言,美債的吃香程度已經開始逐步衰退,美元作為世界結算貨幣的絕對地位也會受到動搖,結算幣種多樣化依然是大勢所趨。

2023年05月19日 許曦揚

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