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英央行決議在即,兩難境地或重現

Vantage 更新 Updated Fri, 2023 March 24 02:35
英央行決議在即,兩難境地或重現

周四淩晨,萬衆期待的美聯儲決議終于出爐。加息25個基點,依然在市場的意料之中。更重要的是在決議聲明中,不再包括“繼續加息”可能是合適的這樣的措辭。這無疑給了市場強烈的暗示:美聯儲的加息可能真的要停一停了。這次暗示暫停加息的最關鍵因素,還是來自于美國兩大銀行的連續倒閉。盡管銀行業危機沒有進一步蔓延,但市場對金融市場的隱憂依然存在,且美聯儲持續加息對于金融業的負面影響逐步顯現,以至于美聯儲無法再只關注通脹,而對其他方面置之不理。

美聯儲表明態度後,現在壓力給到了英國央行這邊。周四歐美盤時段,英國央行也將公布新一期的利率決議。同樣是加息25個基點的預期。目前困擾英國央行最大的問題首先自然也是通脹。3月22日,英國國家統計局公布的數據顯示,英國2月消費者價格指數(CPI)同比上漲10.4%,高于1月的10.1%,也高于英國央行和經濟學家此前預計的9.9%。環比來看,英國2月CPI上漲了1.1%,幾乎是市場預測值0.6%的兩倍。核心通脹,即剔除了波動性較大的食品、能源、酒精和煙草的價格指數,在2月同比上漲6.2%,高于1月的5.8%,也超過了經濟學家預期的5.7%。

對于2月CPI意外走高,英國國家統計局解釋為,主要是由酒吧和餐館的酒類價格上漲所驅動。數據顯示,英國2月食品和非酒精飲料的價格同比上漲18.2%,為近五十年來最高漲幅。

此外,包括歐洲大陸在內的英國農産品主要進口地區出現惡劣天氣,導致農産品供應短缺,蔬菜和水果價格顯著上漲,也為英國通脹再添一把火。兒童和婦女的服裝價格也有所上漲,但能源價格繼續下跌。

值得一提的是,英國目前通脹水平是英國央行2%政策目標的五倍多,也明顯高于所有其他七國集團國家。美國2月CPI同比增速從9.1%的峰值放緩至6%,歐元區2月CPI同比增速亦從10.6%的峰值放緩至8.5%。因此,此次決議中英國央行對于未來通脹的預期將會受到市場的廣泛關注。盡管通脹仍然偏高,但就跟央行放水導致通脹升高一樣,央行的政策效果都是存在滯後性的,英央行想必也會對加息政策審時度勢,因此激進加息的可能性依然較低。

英國核心CPI依然處于高位

其次,英國的經濟前景依然不容樂觀。伴隨著通脹不斷走高,英國人的工資也在上漲。但薪資上漲速度依然難追通脹。數據顯示,經通貨膨脹調整後,英國的總薪酬下降了3.1%,平均工資下降了2.5%,是自2001年有記錄以來錄得的最大降幅之一。自去年至今,英國多個行業參與罷工。在2022年12月,英國因勞資糾紛損失了84.3萬個工作日,達到2011年11月以來的最高水平。罷工帶來的企業利潤下降和財政收入下滑,使各部門更加無力為員工增加工資。而停工、停業,進一步推升通脹水平,結果會促使英央行會進一步加息,這就導致抑制消費、投資進而抑制英國經濟的增長。

英國國家美術館門口的示威群衆

今年1月31日,國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)在《世界經濟展望報告》中表示,英國將在今年出現0.6%的經濟萎縮,較去年10月的預測值下調了0.9個百分點,同時也成為了七國集團中,IMF唯一預期經濟收縮的經濟體。此外,英國‘脫歐’的後遺症繼續發揮作用,包括出口成本提高,人口流動下降帶來勞動力短缺,金融業向歐盟回流,使得英國服務業面臨壓力等等。這些問題都會令英央行的政策有所忌憚。英鎊相對于美元的反彈在中長線來看,或許仍只是暫時的。

2023年03月24日 許曦揚

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