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PCE為何成美聯儲心頭好,美國通脹走向怎麽看?

Vantage 更新 Updated Thu, 2023 February 23 02:27
PCE為何成美聯儲心頭好,美國通脹走向怎麽看?

北京時間2月23日晚間,美國第四季度PCE物價指數年化季率修正值即將出爐。作為美聯儲最為關注的通脹指標,PCE的表現一直都受到市場的廣泛關注。那麽為何PCE會成為美聯儲錨定的通脹指標?

首先,PCE是個人消費支出平減指數(CTPIPCE)的縮寫。從20世紀70年代以來,美國的通貨膨脹指標也經歷了一系列的叠代。1975年,在CPI系列物價指數統計的基礎之上,美國經濟學家戈登又提出“核心CPI”的概念。當時,價格上漲主要受食品和能源價格影響,鑒于食品與能源屬于必需品,缺乏彈性需求,它們主要受到供給影響,受需求拉動影響較小,因此提出扣除食品和能源價格的變化,來衡量價格水平的真實變化。

從1978年起,美國勞工統計局就開始公布從消費價格指數和生産價格指數中剔除食品和能源價格之後的上漲率,“核心CPI”逐步成為美國宏觀經濟分析中的常用術語。

再後來,專門統計美國宏觀經濟數據的美國經濟分析局,提出“更加合理的”通脹指標:個人消費支出價格指數——PCE。其實PCE的大部分數據來源和CPI差不多,那麽為什麽還要額外增加一個PCE指標呢?

按照美國經濟統計局的說法,CPI統計數據沒有考慮到替代效應。比方說,CPI統計的豬肉價格漲了很多,但是雞肉、魚肉價格卻沒怎麽漲,可以用雞肉、魚肉替代豬肉,消費者的整體消費支出就沒漲那麽多。

PCE指標采用的是鏈式加權平均的計算方式,考慮替代效應的影響,能夠將CPI高估的部分剔除。2012年1月,美聯儲將核心PCE年率漲幅2%定為長期通脹目標,從此宣告美聯儲也有了明確的通脹目標。

目前美國CPI指標可以大致分為4個類別:食品、能源、核心商品、核心服務。2022年2月,美國勞工統計局再次公布對CPI權重的調整,降低能源和食品的權重,增加核心商品和核心服務的權重,能源占7%,食品13%,核心商品22%,核心服務58%。作為一個典型的消費型經濟體,服務業價格才是美國通脹數據的大頭,在CPI核心服務項中,市場租金、業主等價租金、醫療健康服務這三項相加,幾乎占到美國CPI40%的比重。

從去年12月的PCE指標來看,聖誕節期間,美國交通服務、餐飲酒店等服務業環比增速明顯上升,除機動車外的耐用品價格環比增速也有所上漲,反映粘性通脹的租金環比增速仍然堅挺。值得注意的是,美國房價同比增速已見頂並在2023 年延續下行趨勢,同時由于2022 年美聯儲“快加息”節奏,美國房貸利率快速上行,2022 年10 月一度上升至6.9%的高點,後續房租增長或受一定制約。

美國核心PCE年率自2022年開始逐步下滑

聖誕節對部分耐用品消費有所提振,12 月家具分項環比上升0.1%,高于11 月的-0.9%,服裝環比+0.3%(11 月+0.1%)。但季節性因素對消費需求的拉動不可忽視。從核心PCE的年率來看,核心PCE 同比增速出現連續下降,反映美聯儲累計加息效果已經開始顯現。但是勞動市場供給緊張暫時未出現明顯緩和迹象,服務業通脹的核心——租金增速也未邊際放緩。而且核心PCE年率距離美聯儲的目標依然相距甚遠。因此今年美聯儲大概率仍可能加息至5%,或者更高水平。美元相對于其他貨幣的強勢,預計也不會很快結束。2月24日美國1月PCE物價指數也將公布,屆時表現如何,依然值得我們期待。

2023年02月23日 許曦揚

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