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經濟衰退如何影響你的投資組合?

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經濟衰退如何影響你的投資組合?

經濟衰退如何影響你的投資組合?

Vantage Updated Thu, 2024 February 1 02:25

近期,包括世界銀行在內的不少經濟學家和金融機構 [1],已經發出全球經濟衰退即將到來的警告。假如2023年發生經濟衰退,將會對你的投資組合造成什麽影響?在經濟衰退期間,應該在哪裏投資,以及采用什麽交易策略?

經濟衰退肯定會影響你的投資組合,但前景並非一片悲觀。你可以通過采取一些方法減少衰退帶來的負面影響,甚至把握機會利用這一時期獨有的價格下跌趨勢來獲取利潤。

以下將展開說說經濟衰退將如何影響你的投資組合、經濟衰退下的投資策略,以及交易時的重要注意事項。

了解經濟衰退

經濟衰退經常伴隨著市場普遍的悲觀情緒,這對投資者來說可能是不愉快甚至是令人沮喪的。

但是,客觀地看待這件事情非 常重要。

經濟衰退是經濟周期中的自然現象,對比長期的經濟增長,經濟衰退只是短期的現象而已。

自從工業革命以來,大多數國家的主導趨勢是長期經濟增長。然而,在此過程中,戰爭、自然災害、供應中斷、市場調整、通貨膨脹或流行病(如新冠病毒)等災害事件與危機的發生,都會中斷宏觀經濟的增長步伐。

而這將拖慢全球經濟的發展腳步,使經濟放緩,或者更嚴重的經濟收縮。最重要的是,緊隨其後的是股市大幅下跌,在方方面面帶來深遠影響。

經濟衰退被普遍接受的定義為一個國家、地理區域或全球經濟連續兩個季度下滑,並伴有失業率上升等其他因素。

然而,有一種更細致的解釋正漸漸取代上述陳舊的定義。根據美國國家經濟研究局的數據,經濟衰退可以被視為整個經濟體的經濟活動顯著下降,且持續數月以上,通常體現在 GDP、實際收入、就業、工業生産、和批發零售這些數據上。 [2]

無論你個人傾向哪種定義,關鍵認知是——經濟衰退是暫時的,宏觀經濟因素總有一天或做出相應調整。

經濟衰退對投資交易造成的三方面影響

波動幅度加劇與賬面損失

經濟衰退之所以令人絕望,是因為沒有投資者願意看見投資組合的價值下跌。損失程度依據投資者的實際持有資産,可能從令人不安擴大至令人恐慌。

此外,在市場低迷期間遇到“牛市陷阱”也十分常見。所謂“牛市陷阱”,指的是價格的暫時回升,隨後會出現更大幅度的下跌。這種加劇的波動性會制造更多焦慮與擔憂,並導致投資者反複焦慮地追蹤價格走勢。

投資組合價值的下降可能會讓你覺得所有來之不易的血汗錢都在你面前蒸發;或者,對于新投資者來說,讓你覺得自己犯了一個大錯誤。

然而,要牢記這些都是“賬面損失”,直到你賣出這些資産或平倉之前,實際上你並沒有損失任何錢。 [3]

轉投其他資産

在經濟衰退期間,人們傾向于從風險較高的資産轉向其他避險型資産。這種資本外逃是由股價下跌進一步推動,同時為經濟收縮時期前景黯淡和投資者信心減弱共同造成。

當投資者逃離股票市場,他們的資金何去何從?傳統上,黃金和政府債券是最受投資者歡迎的避險資産類別。

投資者轉向債券的主要原因是債券的波動性平均低于股票 [4]。因為不確定性更小,對未來的現金流的確定性則相應變高。

同時,黃金的價值因其作為大宗商品和中央銀行所使用的儲備資産的雙重身份,而獲得市場青睐 [5]

因此,在經濟衰退期間,我們往往會發現黃金和債券的價格和股市走勢截然相反,兩者之間經常是此消彼長。

較低的投資資金

在經濟放緩期間,企業往往會趨向保守,並且著重降低成本,具體方式包括停止招聘和凍結工資、裁員、減少營銷支出、減少第三方服務等等。

隨著企業和雇主減少支出,受薪階層以及那些依賴他們獲得收入和營收的群體,將面臨裁員、收入損失和財務狀況不穩定等挑戰。

由于手上的資金減少,人們很可能會因此減少投資或交易,有者甚至不得不減少或完全停止投資。

經濟衰退時的投資策略

在了解經濟衰退將會如何影響你的投資與交易後,以下為大家提供衰退期間有可操作性的投資策略調整,以更好地抵禦衰退影響。

考慮在交易策略中加入做空

做空或賣空(Shorting)讓投資者有機會從市場低迷中獲利。通過做空股票、指數、行業或資産類別,你可以在資産價格下跌時創造獲利機會。

市場上有多種方法操作做空,包括利用差價合約(CFD)。此外,投資者也能夠利用差價合約建立多頭頭寸,使其成為一種多功能的交易工具。

尋找價值股

如前面所述,股票價格在經濟衰退期間普遍會暴跌。這其實是一個讓投資者以折扣價買進優質股票的大好機會,等到未來市場上升時便可平倉獲利。

以亞馬遜(AMZN)為例。在撰寫本文時,該股較一年前下跌了40%,而且自5月以來價格一直呈橫盤整理趨勢。然而,公司收入和淨利潤的持續增長表明了亞馬遜未來仍有很大的增長空間。

Amazon Chart
Source: [6]

持續長遠布局

盡管在經濟衰退期間,投資者的處境會十分艱難,但請記住,衰退通常只會持續大約六個月至一年時間 [7]

這意味著在你關注短期機會的同時,你也可以考慮業績良好的藍籌股公司。

結論:即使在經濟衰退中,市場仍有機可尋

Recession

市場低迷和資産價值下降肯定讓人難以忍受,然而,擁有正確的認知並知道應該要采取什麽步驟,將會幫助我們渡過難關。

經濟衰退為投資者提供買入「便宜股票」的難得機會,而經濟低迷期間的波動加劇也代表著短線交易的獲利機會正在增加。

差價合約為開立空頭與多頭頭寸提供了更為便利、容易使用的交易形式,同時也為任何交易方向的價格變動創造市場機會。

此外,差價合約也適用于多種不同的資産和市場,使交易者能夠分散投資,以降低風險。

參考資料

  1. “The World Bank says most countries are headed for a recession, and warns of a possible return to 1970s ‘stagflation’ – Fortune”. https://fortune.com/2022/06/07/world-bank-global-recession-inflation-stagflation/. Accessed 25 July 2022.
  2. “Recession: Definition, Causes, Examples and FAQs – Investopedia”. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/recession.asp. Accessed 25 July 2022.
  3. “What Is a Loss on Paper? – The Motley Fool”. https://www.fool.com/terms/l/loss-on-paper/. Accessed 25 July 2022.
  4. “Why Stocks Generally Outperform Bonds – Investopedia”. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/08/stocks-bonds-performance.asp. Accessed 25 July 2022.
  5. “Why central banks buy gold – Reuters”. https://www.reuters.com/plus/why-central-banks-buy-gold. Accessed 25 July 2022.
  6. “Amazon.com Inc – Google Finance”. https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AMZN:NASDAQ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-jJD_ufP4AhUjxXMBHQ_VCnsQ3ecFegQIGRAg&window=1Y. Accessed 25 July 2022.
  7. “Worried about an economic downturn? Here’s what you can expect in a typical recession, according to economists – CNBC”. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/what-to-expect-in-a-typical-recession.html. Accessed 25 July 2022.
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