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什麽是做空 (Short Selling)?做空如何運作?

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什麽是做空 (Short Selling)?做空如何運作?

什麽是做空 (Short Selling)?做空如何運作?

Vantage Updated Thu, 2024 February 1 07:59

你可能聽說過“做空”股票這一術語,指的是交易者和投機者在資産價格下跌時制造的可能獲利的機會。有時人們希望自己有機會在市場資産縮水時交易該資産依然賺錢,

你可能已經從網絡閱讀過各種關于做空的文章,但依然對做空的運作,以及如何發掘做空的機會一知半解,這篇文章將為你揭開這種交易策略的神秘面紗,一一解開你所有疑惑。

從基礎開始:什麽是做空?

讓我們從了解做空(a short)的預期結果開始,再往下探討如何順利實現這一預期的理想結果。

在傳統交易(也稱為“多頭”)中,投資者買入並持有股票,等待未來價格上漲時再賣出(低買高賣)。反之,“空頭頭寸”則在資産價格下跌時創造投資機會,讓做空者從價格變化中獲利(高賣低買)。

當做空者認為某種股票或資産將會下跌時,會開立空頭頭寸——向證券商借來股票或者其他資産,並承諾在日後歸還。在借入股票期間,做空者將向貸方支付一小筆溢價(premium),也被稱為借款利率(borrow-rate)。

“借入”資産後,做空者會以當前市場價格賣出,並希望該資産的價格會如預期般下跌,之後再以較低的價格買入,歸還證券商,從中賺取差價,交易過程是先賣出後買回。通過開立空頭頭寸,做空者便有機會從價格下跌中獲利。

值得留意的是,在交易期貨或差價合約時,做空者無需真的向其他資産擁有者借入資産,也可以建立空頭頭寸。

利用差價合約做空的示例

假設一只股票目前交易價為10美元,作為差價合約(CFD)交易者,你相信股價將會下跌,並決定以當前價格簽訂1,000份賣出合約。

一周後,該股票價格跌至9美元。這時,你決定通過執行1,000份買入合約來平倉。這一系列操作的結果是,你獲得了1,000美元的利潤(1美元 x 1,000份合約)。注意,在示例中,交易成本、借款利率成本和其他費用已被忽略。

交易者為什麽要做空?

做空交易有兩個主要用途。

第一種是利用熊市或預期該金融資産會有下跌趨勢。做空為交易者提供了另一種工具,借由做空操作不同的交易策略,並在任何市場條件下都能夠創造獲利機會。

做空的第二個主要用途是作為對沖工具。如果交易者發現當前的未平倉頭寸偏離了他們期望的風險參數,那麽建立新的空頭頭寸可以讓他們仍然安全地持有頭寸,不必平倉。

與所有其他交易工具一樣,做空只是為交易者提供了額外的選擇,讓他們在金融市場上找到並磨練自己的投資優勢。

做空的風險

在傳統的“多頭”交易中,交易者的風險是有限的。最壞的情況只是資産價格下跌至零,損失上限是用來購買該資産的本金。相反,理論上資産價格的上漲幅度並沒有限制,因此潛在上漲空間是無限的。

相對的,做空交易的上漲空間有限,而潛在的風險則是無限的。在最好的情況下,資産的價格會跌至零,這是交易者可以從該交易中獲得的最大收益。然而,由于資産價格的上漲是無限的,因此空頭頭寸的最大損失理論上也是無限的。換句話說,交易者在空頭頭寸中的損失,可能遠比傳統的多頭頭寸要多得多。

因此,在進行做空交易時,設置止損是交易者做好風險管理非常重要的一步,以避免把所有資金甚至自身的財産都虧損完。

做空

做空:時機就是一切

在做空交易中,把握正確的時機至關重要。因為即使交易者預測資産的價格方向正確,但仍然有可能會因為價格的間歇性波動而蒙受虧損,甚至可能觸發止損,或面臨一連串 Margin Call(追加保證金通知)。

和其他交易工具一樣,在開始交易前都必須首先熟悉它的運作原理,並在自身的交易策略中實施穩健的風險管理。這一點在做空交易尤為重要。

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